When the climate is dreary, I can at all times depend on vivid citrus like oranges to convey me a burst of pleasure—a bowl of mandarins adorns my eating desk, I toss orange supremes into salads, and I like cooking with the fragrant fruit. There are greater than 600 sorts of oranges grown world wide. The fruit ranges in sweetness and acidity, shines in each candy and savory functions, and is a key participant in lots of cuisines, together with Moroccan, Chinese language, Center Japanese, and Mediterranean. Every selection has completely different qualities: Tremendous candy mandarins are particularly scrumptious for consuming on their very own, blood oranges give salads a vivid pop of coloration, and sweet-tart Valencia oranges are nice for juicing. This information to a number of the commonest orange varieties will enable you to navigate the citrus part at grocery shops and farmers’ markets, so that you’ll know when to succeed in for which. You would possibly even uncover a brand new form of orange to strive. (All peak seasons under consult with the U.S.)

What Precisely Are Oranges?

After all, you virtually definitely have a normal sense of what oranges are, however let’s unpeel the fruit somewhat additional. Oranges are a part of the Rutaceae citrus household, which additionally consists of lemons, calamansi, limes, kumquats, and grapefruit. Pomelos, citrons, and mandarins are the ancestors from which all citrus fruits have advanced—the orange is a hybrid of the pomelo and the mandarin. 

In his guide On Meals and Cooking, Harold McGee notes that oranges seemingly originated from southern China, northern India, and Southeast Asia, and made their strategy to Europe in the course of the Center Ages by the use of commerce and crusaders getting back from Asia and the Center East. Immediately, oranges are grown in subtropical climates world wide, together with Brazil, Mexico, Spain, Japan, and the USA. 

There are two primary sorts of orange, plus mandarins, which are sometimes lumped in with oranges however are literally a separate genus.

• Candy oranges (Citrus sinensis) have a thick pores and skin, massive, spherical form, and a tangy citrus taste. They’re bolder than mildly candy mandarins, making them excellent for consuming uncooked, baking, or cooking with.
• Bitter or bitter oranges (Citrus aurantium) have a thick, fragrant pores and skin, are small and spherical, and have intensely tart, bitter flesh.
• Mandarins (Citrus reticulata) embody tangerines, clementines, and satsumas. They’re smaller, barely flatter, and sweeter than oranges, and have looser pores and skin that makes them simpler to peel. We have chosen to incorporate mandarins on this information since oranges and mandarins are sometimes offered collectively and used interchangeably.

Forms of Oranges

Valencia Orange

Sort: Candy
Taste: Balanced, candy, and tart
Look: Ovular, golden-orange coloration with skinny, clean rind
Texture: Very juicy flesh
Measurement: Medium to massive, 3 inches in diameter
Peak Season: March by way of June

Valencia oranges are primarily grown in California and Florida. In her guide Oranges: A Historical past, the British author Clarissa Hyman notes that whereas many assume the orange hails from Valencia, Spain, the variability “was named in its new house of California when it was deemed to resemble a late-maturing Previous World orange by a homesick Spanish customer.” In keeping with the United States Division of Agriculture, the Valencia is the commonest orange produced within the U.S., with a crop yield of over 944,550 tons within the 2023 to 2024 season. 

They’re the one oranges with a peak season in late spring and early summer season. Valencia oranges are beloved for his or her distinctive juice, which is barely acidic and pleasantly candy and tart. They’re nice for squeezing selfmade orange juice to drink or use in recipes. 

Navel Orange

Sort: Candy
Taste: Candy, fragrant, and mildly acidic
Look: Globular to barely oval with a distinguished navel on the stem finish. Brilliant orange rind with pebbled texture. Flesh is yellow-orange.
Texture: Juicy, tender flesh with skinny membranes and a spongy pith
Measurement: Medium to massive, 3 to 4 inches in diameter
Peak Season: November by way of February

Navel oranges are initially from Brazil and are among the many commonest orange varieties within the U.S. as we speak. Navel oranges are simply identifiable by their stomach button–like holes on the stem finish. (The Cara Cara orange is a sort of navel that’s turning into more and more well-liked; Cara Caras have delicate pink flesh and low acidity.)

Navel oranges have a thinner pores and skin than many different oranges and are candy and seedless. “They’re the usual everyone is aware of and eats,” says Valerie Aikman-Smith, chef and co-author of Citrus: Candy and Savory Solar-Kissed Recipes. “You will at all times get sweetness and juiciness out of them.”

Since navel oranges are seedless, they have to be propagated by way of grafting onto different timber, a course of that requires cautious consideration to make sure wholesome fruit manufacturing. Grafting is extra labor-intensive than rising oranges from seed as a result of the timber are slower to mature and extra prone to illnesses, which provides complexity to large-scale orange farming.

Navel oranges are perfect for consuming on their very own or including to fruit salads. Whereas navel oranges include a considerable quantity of juice, a naturally occurring antioxidant known as limonin turns the juice bitter and bitter about half-hour after publicity to air, and it’s finest to drink the juice instantly.

Blood Orange

Sort: Candy
Taste: Floral, candy, and tart with raspberry notes
Look: Obovoid to globular with a blushing orange rind and darkish purple flesh
Texture: Medium-thick spongy pith and juicy flesh 
Measurement: Medium to massive, 2 to three inches in diameter
Peak Season: December by way of April

The blood orange, a hybrid of the pomelo and tangerine with origins within the southern Mediterranean, is understood for its ruby flesh and vibrant floral notes. Common kinds of blood orange embody the arancia rossa di Sicilia, sanguinello moscata, and moro, every providing distinct ranges of sweetness, tanginess, and depth. The flesh can vary from reddish-orange to maroon, crimson, or a saturated, virtually black hue. The colour comes from purple-red pigments known as anthocyanins, which additionally offers vegatables and fruits like blueberries and beets their coloration. 

Aikman-Smith describes the fruit as having a tart, barely perfumed taste with refined bitterness. The fruit has only a few seeds, and the flesh is comfortable and juicy with hints of cherries and raspberries. Blood oranges are lovely in salads and their juice is nice for cocktails.

Seville Orange

Sort: Bitter
Taste: Floral, bitter rind with bitter flesh
Look: Spherical with thick, bumpy, yellow-orange rind; orange flesh
Texture: Spongy pith with comfortable, juicy flesh and cream-colored seeds
Measurement: Medium, 3 inches in diameter
Peak Season: January by way of March

Also called bitter or bitter oranges, Seville oranges (hailing from Seville, Spain) are extremely acidic. Due to their intense tartness, Seville oranges aren’t excellent for consuming on their very own. Nevertheless, the fruit is nice for cooking with, and it’s a staple ingredient in each Spanish and Mayan cooking, the place their vinegar-like acidity livens up sangria, cochinita pibil (Yucatán-style barbecued pork), and different dishes. The Seville orange’s excessive pectin content material makes it an particularly good citrus selection to make use of for marmalade—when balanced with sugar, the fruit’s bitter rind and bitter kick add nice depth to preserves.

Mandarin

Sort: Mandarin
Taste: Candy and robust
Look: Deep orange coloration and oblate or spherical form
Texture: Tender flesh with free, easy-to-peel pores and skin
Measurement: Small to medium, 1 1/2 to three inches in diameter
Peak Season: November by way of March

Mandarins have a vivid, candy, and barely tangy taste with a juicy, refreshing texture. The time period “mandarins” refers to a subset of mandarins—like clementines or satsumas—which can be usually labeled “mandarin” with out figuring out the precise number of citrus offered.

They’re usually sweeter, much less acidic, and simpler to peel than oranges. They’re vital in Chinese language Lunar New Yr festivities: Their deep orange coloration and spherical form are thought-about auspicious, symbolizing wealth and success. There are practically 200 kinds of mandarin, together with tangerines. Most mandarins have comfortable, free pores and skin that is straightforward to peel and the fruit are just about seedless, making them a handy snack. 

Tangerine

Sort: Mandarin
Taste: Sturdy sweet-tart
Look: Spherical and barely flattened with a broad, curved center; darkish orange-red coloration
Texture: Skinny, clean peel with tender, juicy flesh and cream-colored seeds
Measurement: Small to medium, 2 1/2 to three inches in diameter
Peak Season: November by way of March

Tangerines, which belong to the mandarin household, are pebbly and have a vivid orange hue with candy, tangy flesh. Within the nineteenth century, Italian immigrants introduced tangerines from Tangiers, Morocco, to the U.S. The fruit often comprises seeds, nonetheless, many tangerine hybrids together with tangelos, clementines, minneolas, and satsumas, are seedless. Like mandarins and clementines, tangerines are very candy and simple to peel, making them a wonderful selection for snacking.

Clementine

Sort: Mandarin
Taste: Candy, subtly tangy with floral nuances
Look: Spherical and barely flattened with skinny, vivid, and glossy orange pores and skin 
Texture: Easy rind with juicy and tender flesh with little pith
Measurement: Small, 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter
Peak Season: November by way of January

Clementines are the smallest sort of mandarin and are generally identified by their model names Cuties, Sweeties, and Halos. These small fruits are tremendous candy and barely tangy with floral notes. They’re usually seedless and have reddish-orange skins which can be skinny, clean, and glossy. They’re simpler to peel than tangerines, with a really skinny pith that doesn’t keep on with the flesh.

Satsuma

Sort: Mandarin
Taste: Delicate, candy, and subtly tangy with honeyed nuances
Look: Spherical and barely flattened with a broad, curved center. Coloration is barely much less vivid than different mandarins
Texture: Easy rind and succulent flesh with little or no pith
Measurement: Small to medium, 2 1/2 to 4 inches in diameter
Peak Season: October by way of December

Satsumas are typically flatter than different mandarins and have bumpy rinds. They’re straightforward to peel with a candy and frivolously acidic taste. Retailer-bought satsumas are largely seedless, although homegrown satsumas can include seeds. They’re usually loved recent and are additionally generally used for canning.

There are greater than 100 kinds of satsuma worldwide, together with miyagawa (a typical selection in Japan) and xie shan (a Chinese language selection). Many of the satsumas out there in the USA are owari, a range from Japan. Satsumas are distinct from different mandarin species for his or her chilly tolerance, and may develop in temperatures the place most citrus can’t. Whereas most oranges develop finest in temperatures of 65ºF (18°C) and above, satsumas can flourish in temperatures as cool as 55°F (13°C), and have been identified to face as much as even decrease temperatures.

Sumo Citrus

Sort: Mandarin
Taste: Wealthy, refreshing, fruity, balanced, candy, and tangy
Look: Spherical to oval form with a protruding knob and furrowed neck. Yellow-orange in coloration
Texture: Coarse, bumpy rind. Skinny pith and agency but comfortable, succulent flesh
Measurement: Medium to massive, 3 to 4 inches in diameter
Peak Season: January by way of April

In 1972, growers in Japan created a brand new seedless citrus selection—Sumo Citrus—by crossing a tangor (a hybrid between an orange and a satsuma mandarin) with a ponkan, a citrus fruit well-liked all through Asia. In Japan, this selection is called Dekopon; within the US, it’s marketed as Sumo Citrus, a reputation impressed by its usually massive dimension, the bump’s resemblance to a high knot, and its Japanese heritage.

Sumo Citrus is without doubt one of the most labor-intensive orange varieties to domesticate, therefore its heftier price ticket. It takes 4 years for the timber to begin producing fruit after they’re grafted. Every fruit is hand-picked, then cured for 20 to 40 days to cut back the its acidity and enhance sugar ranges. Because the Sumo sits in storage, its starches steadily break down into sugars whereas citric and malic acid ranges lower to create that signature vivid, candy taste. Curing additionally permits moisture to redistribute inside the fruit, which makes the flesh juicier and the peel simpler to take away.

How one can Select the Finest Oranges and Mandarins

Typically, Aikman-Smith recommends searching for citrus fruit that’s shiny and agency with a slight give. The fruit shouldn’t have any comfortable spots, discoloration, or bruising on the pores and skin, which might point out rotting or harm. Whereas a vivid orange coloration might be interesting and is usually a signal of ripeness, it’s not the one indicator of an orange or mandarin’s high quality. A greater indicator of an orange or mandarin’s juiciness and taste is its weight and scent: It ought to really feel heavy for its dimension and have a recent zesty aroma. 

Aikman-Smith explains that grocery store oranges are sometimes picked whereas they’re not totally ripe, as harvesting them early makes the fruit firmer and fewer inclined to break throughout transport. Nevertheless, as a result of oranges develop a lot of their pure aroma and sweetness as they ripen on the tree, choosing them too quickly means they don’t have time to completely develop the unstable compounds accountable for their signature citrus scent. Because of this, these oranges usually have little to no aroma.

Citrus season usually begins in November and lasts till June, excluding Valencia oranges, that are in season in the course of the early summer season. In keeping with Aikman-Smith, shopping for oranges in season means you are extra prone to get fruit that was harvested lately—particularly if you happen to stay in a area the place oranges develop—somewhat than fruit that has been saved for months or shipped from 1000’s of miles away. (Should you stay in a spot like Maine, as an illustration, shopping for in-season can be the distinction between shopping for home oranges vs. these shipped in from Brazil.)

If doable, think about visiting an area pick-your-own citrus orchard, as you’ll seemingly get the freshest and most flavorful fruit. Alternatively, you’ll be able to store at farmers’ markets and grocery shops that provide regionally cultivated fruits. Should you do not stay in a citrus-growing area, hunt down distributors who fastidiously choose the fruits they promote.

How one can Prepare dinner With Oranges

Whereas oranges and mandarins are sometimes loved uncooked, cooking with them can improve their sweetness, mellow their acidity, and infuse dishes with vivid citrus taste. The important thing to cooking with oranges is balancing their sugars and acidity to enhance different elements. For that reason, some recipes the place taste complexity is paramount and refined taste variations could make or break the dish—resembling sauces and baked items—might name for a particular orange selection. Some dishes, resembling salads and frozen desserts, enable for extra freedom to experiment, as every sort of orange gives distinctive methods so as to add brightness and nuance to recipes.

Contemporary Juice

The skinny pores and skin of Valencia oranges​ and their practically seedless pulp make them excellent for juicing. The juice is scrumptious drunk by itself, or included into syrups, cocktails, smoothies, and vinaigrettes. To provide your sauces, cocktails, and desserts a vivid pop of coloration, think about using blood orange juice. You’ll be able to freeze any orange or mandarin juice when the fruit is in season, then thaw the juice once you’re prepared to make use of it. 

Marinade, Sauce, and Braising Liquid

Orange juice makes for nice marinades, not solely due to the flavour it brings, but in addition as a result of the acid helps tenderize the meat by breaking down its proteins and connective tissues. The bitter juice and aromatic zest of Seville oranges are perfect for cooking Cuban-style mojo pork, as their tartness helps reduce by way of the richness of the dish. Seville oranges are additionally the fruit of selection for duck à l’orange, the place candy orange juice can be far too cloying.

Duck Mains

Duck à l’Orange

There are lots of of recipes for traditional French duck à l’orange, however too many are overly candy. This one straddles the road between candy and bitter.

cook dinner time:


6 hrs 25 minutes

serves:


2
to 4

Segments

Candy oranges might be segmented and tossed right into a salad or ceviche. Firmer-fleshed varieties just like the Valencia maintain up particularly nicely, as on this Spanish-style salad. Smaller mandarins may be tougher to slice into supremes, however their lack of pith makes the fruit straightforward sufficient to easily peel, separate into segments, and add to a salad.

Salads

Trevisano Radicchio Salad With Citrus and Ricotta Salata

This salad of bitter radicchio, candy citrus, and salty cheese will brighten up your winter.

For a straightforward dessert, think about serving segmented oranges as they do in Thailand—in a refreshing iced syrup—or dipping seedless tangerine or Sumo citrus segments in darkish chocolate, then topping them with chopped nuts for further crunch.

Zest

Orange zest lightens up heavy dishes by offering much-needed freshness. A scrumptious strategy to do it’s with gremolata, which is certainly one of Aikman-Smith’s favourite makes use of for navel orange zest, particularly when served with lamb or osso buco. Zest additionally provides a stunning aroma to salads, vinaigrettes, desserts, and orange curd.

Preserves

Seville oranges and their seeds have an abundance of pectin, which is why this selection is usually the orange of selection for orange marmalade. One other nice selection for preserves is the mandarin, which has an enticingly candy taste.

Baked Desserts

Candy orange juice can improve desserts resembling tarts and crème brûlée. Bitter oranges can be used to make an orange meringue pie, the place the bitterness of the fruit helps offset the sweetness of the meringue, or as a citrus substitute for a key lime pie. Toss entire satsuma segments into cake batter, or caramelize oranges to high off baked items like a cheesecake.

Pies

Orange Meringue Pie

A vivid and candy orange-forward twist on the traditional lemon meringue pie.

cook dinner time:


3 hrs 55 minutes

serves:


8

How Lengthy Do Oranges Final?

Whilst you can refrigerate oranges for just a few weeks, it is best to eat them recent inside just a few days, as their high quality will deteriorate as they sit and lose moisture. In our orange storage exams, we discovered that oranges will preserve finest within the fridge’s crisper drawer, the place they are often saved for as much as three weeks. Keep away from placing them in sealed plastic luggage, as they are going to soften extra shortly and will mildew. It’s also possible to freeze the juice for as much as six months.

April 2025